State laws consist of anti-cruelty statutes that come into force only after a violation has occurred. ![]() The ESA applies to those animals listed as threatened or endangered, but even then exhibition alone will never constitute a violation. The AWA sets minimum standards for the care, handling, housing, and transport of animals exhibited in zoos. ![]() On the federal level, those laws most important to zoo animals are the Animal Welfare Act and the Endangered Species Act. ![]() On the international level there are only regulations which apply to the trade of the species between international countries, limiting how many can be imported and exported and how they are transported. ![]() This paper examines the laws pertaining to zoo animals on the international, federal, and state level, along with voluntary standards, not mandated by law.
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